Dec, 2012 the failure to reform and act on the part of the government would lead to 15 years of complicated civil war, with many players, both internal and external. Lebanese civil war 1975 1990 with its high literacy rate and traditional mercantile culture, lebanon has traditionally been an important region for the middle east. Walking the line strategic approaches to peacebuilding in lebanon. The 16year long civil war in which christian militias fought to eject palestinian armed forces began in 1975. Amalhezbolah, war of the camps, armylebanese forces war, hobeikageagea and the tripartite agreement, etc is the taif agreement popular. Question about the civil war and the taif agreement. The presence of the mostly muslim plo in lebanon beginning in the early 1970s, had tipped the balance of power against the christian. The lebanese civil war and the post war settlement the lebanese civil war, which lasted from 1975 to 1990, resulted in more than 144,000 killed. The term lebanon war can refer to any of the following wars, fought in lebanon.
Packed with rival religious sects, feudal chieftains, war lords, squabbling political leaders, and inhouse and foreign militias, lebanon has suffered not only periods of civil war and internal infighting, but also invasions by palestinians, syrians and israelis. War of certain areas of lebanon lasting for 16 years and 7 months, beginning on april, 1975 and ending on october, 1990, but with pauses. Lebanese proverb1 sixteen years of civil war transformed lebanon from a political model to a bogeyman. As of 2012, approximately 76,000 people remain displaced within lebanon. Prior to the civil war19751990, beirut was known as the paris of the middle east it was a center of trade tourism and banking, with a vibrant tourist scene and all the attractions related to it. Gunmen attempt to assassinate maronite christian phalangist leader. On the surface, this agreement seemed to create an equitable powersharing agreement that protected all the sects from one another. Black saturday, or december 6, 1975 is considered to be the event that triggered the civil war in lebanon. Since its independence in 1943, lebanon has been governed by a confessional political system in which parliamentary seats and governmental and civil service positions are distributed among religious sects in accordance with their population ratio. American university of beirut, institute of financial economics lecture and. Religious and political divisions see leb were magnified by income inequities and the failure of the dominant christians to update the 1932 census the basis for the allocation of. In large measure, these ties were promoted by the sizable lebaneseamerican community. While the war ended following a 1989 peace agreement, syria maintained a military and intelligence presence that heavily.
April, 1975, marks the first day of the lebanese civil war. Prior to the outbreak of lebanons civil war, the countrys. The story of the american university medical center during the lebanese civil war by. In 1975, it was still possible to speak of the country as an example. A significant subset of the collection cover lebanons modern history, including the. The christian science monitor is an international news organization that delivers thoughtful, global coverage via its website, weekly magazine, online daily edition, and email newsletters. In their view, the war has continued through other means in the post war period, and the periodic rounds of violent conflict plaguing lebanon since 1990 are directly related to the civil war. It is therefore safe to say that the war now in progress will some day end, though that might. The political economy of postwar reconstruction in lebanon econstor. First, the date selected as that of the official start, april, 1975, is wrong.
The sixteenyear long civil war in lebanon was caused by dissatisfaction over the distribution of political power. Aug 19, 2016 a report by journalist peter gill on the role of the peacekeeping forces in beirut the british french, american and italians. American university of beirut, institute of financial economics lecture and working papers, series no. Jan 22, 2012 the lebanese civil war 1975 1990 by daniel mourad jensen, master of arts in arabic a sociological profile, the copenhagen university, the carsten niebuhr institute yes, we were a laboratory for violence, but we were also, before that, a laboratory for modernity, and in some ways we still are samir kassir, a famous lebanese.
Hundred days war 1978 part of the lebanese civil war. Oct 21, 1998 this is an account of the turbulent saga of the only arab state that has a nominal christian majority. By 1975, the refugees numbered more than 300,000 and the plo in effect created an unofficial statewithinastate, particularly in southern lebanon, which then. In later stages of the war, the major violence was intrasectarian and took place among the sects themselves. Postwar economy in lebanon passed through four stages. List of books and articles about lebanese civil war. In the years that followed the outbreak of the 1975 civil war, political developments dominated economic affairs. The lebanese civil war took place from 1975 to 1990 and claimed the lives of some 200,000 people, which left lebanon in ruins. Fullscale civil war erupted between leftist muslims with plo aid and conservative christians. For the next year alliances were changing during the fights. In addition, about 175 towns were partially or completely destroyed,2 and over 750,000.
The aim of this paper is to research and identify the causes and costs of the 19751990 lebanese civil war, the longest and most costly civil war in lebanon. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. The lebanese civil war 1975 1990 by daniel mourad jensen, master of arts in arabic a sociological profile, the copenhagen university, the carsten niebuhr institute yes, we were a laboratory for violence, but we were also, before that, a laboratory for modernity, and in some ways we still are samir kassir, a famous lebanese. Lebanon maintained a precarious democracy from the time of its independence from france in 1943 until a 15year civil war broke out in 1975. What are some good books on the lebanese civil war. Although accounts of the war have ap peared daily on the front pages of the newspapers throughout the world, the violence and drama of the conflict have obscured the basic question of why the lebanese are fighting. Before the 1975 civil war, lebanon enjoyed generally good official relations with the united states. The question of civil war memory is acute for many lebanese, who have come together in the post war period to debate the war and create public commemoration. This was largely a sectarian war between different religious groups, that pitted the lebanese christians against the lebanese muslims. It all started in their capital when some senior four phalangist a christian sect were gunned down in cold blood in what was an attempt on pierre jumayyils life who was one of the maronite vocal leaders.
The 2006 lebanon war, also called the 2006 israelhezbollah war and known in lebanon as the july war arabic. After the 2006 war in lebanon and the ensuing political deadlock and escalation. Civil war lebanon became embroiled in civil war among the christians, muslims, and palestinians from early 1975 to late 1976. Mountain war lebanon 19831984 part of the lebanese civil war war of the camps 19841989 part of the lebanese civil war. With the outbreak of the lebanese civil war in 1975, the fragmentation of the. Please practice handwashing and social distancing, and check out our resources for adapting to these times. At the time of lebanon s independence from french colonial rule in 1943, its population had already suffered through a century of religious. The system favoured christians who fought to eject palestinian armed forces, which sought to use the country as a spring board for attacks into adjacent israel. The lebanese commemorate the 40th anniversary of the official start of the lebanese civil war in april. The historiography and the memory of the lebanese civil war. In the early days of the civil war, the relative peace in southern lebanon had attracted lebanese refugees from other areas.
At its peak it threatened to bring about the complete collapse and disintegration of the lebanese state. The war of liberation was a subconflict within the final phase of the lebanese civil war between 1989 and 1990, in which the lebanese army loyal to general and prime minister michel aoun, appointed by previous president amine gemayel and headquartered in eastern beirut, fought against the western beirutbased syrian armed forces and the lebanese army loyal to president elias hrawi and prime. Lebanese civil war 1975 1976 damour beirut lebanon. There have been no major studies on the maroniteplo conflict in the lebanese civil war, in. Lebanese civil war beirut 1978, phalangist soldier. From the initial scrimmages of the ainalramine,this thesis covers the maroniteplo rivalry to argue that this subconflict provided the spark for the war. Apr 24, 2016 first of all, you should consider reading multiple lebanese civil war books, because each part have a different vision about every single action of this 15 years crisis. Lebanese civil war the lebanese civil war 19751990 was a complex conflict in the form of various factions and shifting alliances between and among lebanese maronite catholics, lebanese muslims, palestinian muslims, lebanese druze, and other nonsectarian groups.
You should get the israeli book the snow ball translated into arabic. Four decades ago, on april 1975, the lebanese civil war broke out. During the fighting nearly 150,000 people were killed and another 200,000 wounded. Lebanon after the 19841990 civil war comparative political. Western intervention was repelled by suicidebombing attacks. The lebanese civil war had multiple causes claude salhani aw. They fought with different groups throughout the war. At the time of lebanons independence from french colonial rule in 1943, its population had already suffered through a century of religious. Prior to the civil war 1975 1990, beirut was known as the paris of the middle east it was a center of trade tourism and banking, with a vibrant tourist scene and all the attractions related to it. After the palestinians left the area to fight elsewhere, christian militias, led by lebanese army officers supported by israel, took control of a large part of the south. The do not clearly establish whether the refugee influx in lebanon will. The story of the american university medical center during the lebanese civil war by gladys mouro 3. However, the dictum of sectarian balance led to the emergence of a weak state, and as a conse. The lebanese civil war, nonfiction memoirs, investigative journalism, history and commentary about the lebanese civil war.
The arab league is a regional organisation of arab countries in aim to draw closer the relations between member states and coordinate collaboration between them, to safeguard their independence and sovereignty, and to consider in a general way the affairs and interests of arab. Beirut to solve a problem one has first to admit it exists. It covers many arab countries and a wide historical range 1930s1990s. The lebanese civil war lasted more than 15 years from april 1975 to october 1990. Pdf on jan 1, 2000, jurgen endres and others published economic. The conflict, which lasted 15 years, cost 150,000 lives, injured 300,000, and led to the emigration of almost a million peo ple, brought the lebanese state to near collapse. Leftist political practice and analysis in lebanon.
This is why ive decided to publish wikileaks cables from the war era, every day till the th of april. Newspapers this is a guide to informatuion resources about the lebanese civil war. In this article, an attempt will be made to address. The spark that ignited the war occurred in beirut on april, 1975, when gunmen killed four phalangists. Aug, 2019 the lebanese civil war took place from 1975 to 1990 and claimed the lives of some 200,000 people, which left lebanon in ruins. Pdf although the confessional system in lebanon seems to guarantee. The hundred days war was a subconflict within the lebanese civil war, which occurred at the lebanese capital beirut between february and april 1978. The oacl was formed around 1970 through the merger of the organization of lebanese. List of books and articles about lebanese civil war online. Communist action organization in lebanon wikipedia. The people living in that area have been at peace with each other through most of the modern times with the major exception of two lengthy civil wars, from 1840 to 1860 and from 1975 to the present. The aim of this paper is to research and identify the causes and costs of the 1975 1990 lebanese civil war, the longest and most costly civil war in lebanon.
The lebanese civil war was a multifaceted civil war in lebanon, lasting from 1975 to 1990 and. By 1975, the refugees numbered more than 300,000 and the plo in effect created an unofficial statewithinastate, particularly in southern lebanon, which then played an important role in the lebanese civil war. Aug 9, 2014 lebanese civil war 1975 1976 damour beirut lebanon. I think it would be interesting to look at things from a different point of view, and since its not the lebanese who are telling the. The lebanese civil war of 1975 to 1990 is commonly referred to as a. The lebanese civil war erupted in april 1975 and ended in october 1990. One incident that weakened these relations was the united states role in the 1958 civil war. From april 1975 to october 1990 lebanon suffered a bloody civil war. On the 40th anniversary, flaglerlive editor pierre tristam remembers that day as he lived it in lebanon, and reflects on what the. Issues, actors, turning points, explanations there are many kinds of people, and most are malicious. Abstract this thesis recenters the plo as a pivotal actor in the lebanese civil war. This month marks the 40th anniversary of the lebanese civil war that started on the th of april 1975. First of all, you should consider reading multiple lebanese civil war books, because each part have a different vision about every single action of this 15 years crisis. Apr 12, 2015 april, 1975, marks the first day of the lebanese civil war.
Western intervention was repelled by suicidebombing attacks, and lebanese christians and muslims subdivided to fight each other. The new organisation merged the two qaim maqamiyas of 184161 into a mutasarrifiya, the first subdivision of a wilaya. Prior to the outbreak of lebanons civil war, the country. The 1943 national pact, the 1975 lebanon civil war, the 1989 taif. The failure to reform and act on the part of the government would lead to 15 years of complicated civil war, with many players, both internal and external. When the lebanese civil war broke out in april 1975, the oacl fought on the side of. There was also an exodus of almost one million people from lebanon as a result of. Gunmen attempt to assassinate maronite christian phalangist leader pierre gemayel as hes leaving church that sunday.
Despite the recent cracks to emerge in lebanons wall of public silence concerning the. Syrian intervention 1976 israeli invasions of 1978 and 1982. The communist action organization in lebanon caol also known as organization of. It has survived as a republican entity, although shattered, exhausted and bankrupt. This complex social structure has been further fragmented during the civil war years from 1975 to 1990. Despite its small size, lebanon has been involved in the conflicts of the middle east due to its border with syria and israel. The spark that ignited the civil war in lebanon occurred in beirut on april, 1975, when gunmen killed four phalangists during an attempt on pierre jumayyil. Lebanons history civil war the beginning of the war syrian involvement the riyadh conference the sarkis administration, 197682 the 1982 israeli invasion the may 17 accord the tripartite accord the taif accords the election 1992 the beginning of the war. The maronite christians and the palestinians started fighting in 1975 and the lebanese muslims became allies with the palestinians. The war was fought between religious as well as political groups. The conflict resulted in syrian armys expulsion from east beirut, and the breaking of alliance between syria and the lebanese front. This disparity helped to spark lebanon s civil war. Historiography and memory of the lebanese civil war 19751990. During this time, other countries also got involved such as israel and syria.
It includes information about books, encyclopedias, primary sources and other materials covering different aspects of the war. Few years later, the phalange militia, became under the command of bachir gemayel, merged with several minor groups altanzim. This is an account of the turbulent saga of the only arab state that has a nominal christian majority. The main groups were the maronite christians, shii muslims, the druze, plo, the israeli army and the syrian army. Improved security conditionssuch as from late 1976 to early 1978, or from september 1982 to january 1984yielded considerable economic benefits, as.